美国营商本地化商法专题 | 股份认购协议(Subscription Agreement)和股东协议(Shareholder Agreement)的区别
2025-01-03 22:03:08
李钦

在公司创立阶段,通常会签署“股东协议(Shareholders AgreementSHA)”和“股份认购协议(Share Subscription AgreementSSA)”。虽然有时为了简化交易流程,会将两份文件合并为一份“投资协议”,然而两份文件各有侧重,为了保持条款的清晰和条理性,分别签署能更好地为公司日后的管理和投资者权益的保护奠定基础。本文将探讨股东协议(SHA)和股份认购协议(SSA)在实践中的差异与联系,为企业创始人和投资者提供参考。

什么是股份认购协议(SSA

股份认购协议是公司与投资者之间的一项协议,涉及通过发行新增股份来购买公司所有权,其主要目的是明确股份认购相关事项,并与其他股东达成一致,详细说明投资者对公司投资的具体机制,从而确保双方在未来的投资过程中没有任何歧义并顺利完成投资程序。

股份认购协议(SSA)的适用

当公司需要筹集资本时,可以通过公开发行股票或私募方式完成。在私募流程中,认购人满足条件后,会收到一份私募备忘录该备忘录通常包含投资说明,并附有股份认购协议(SSA)。虽然签署股份认购协议并非强制性要求,但此类协议的签署能更有力地保障公司及投资人的利益。股份认购协议可以作为一份重要文件,明确投资者在何种条件下认购公司股份同时明确规定公司向私人投资者出售股份的数量、条件及投资金额。通常协议的具体条款因公司需求而异,但常见条款包括保密条款、先决条件的满足、分期支付条款以及保证与赔偿条款等。

什么是股东协议(SHA

股东协议是一份正式合同,用于规定股东之间的权利义务及公司运营规则,它建立了一个框架来规范股东之间的关系、公司的管理、股份的所有权及股东权益保护等事项。对于多名投资者共同出资的公司而言,股东协议是确保公司正常运转的核心文件。

股东协议(SHA)的适用

股东协议(SHA)主要适用于公司设立之初或在引入新股东时,可以有效预防因股份转让、公司管理或股东利益分歧引发的纠纷。通过约定例如股份转让限制、优先购买权、拖带权与跟随权、竞业禁止及董事会保留事项等条款,SHA为股东提供了一套清晰的规则框架,不仅保障了少数股东的权益,也平衡了公司运营效率与各方利益需求。

美国和睿(Concord&Sage)律师事务所评注:

SHASSA分别承载着不同的功能和作用,前者旨在规范股东之间的权利义务关系,明确公司的治理结构;后者则聚焦于投资者与公司之间的股份认购安排及投资条款。基于合同的相对性原则两份文件签署主体的不同,约束的对象也不同SHA主要约束股东,而无法约束签署协议的股东即使未来有新股东通过SSA加入公司,但如果这些新股东没有在原来的SHA上签字,则该份SHA是不对这些新股东产生法律效力以下为SHASSA中常见的核心条款范例:

Key Clauses in a Share Subscription Agreement (SSA):

Subscription and Issuance of SharesThe company agrees to issue 10,000 shares to the investor at $10 per share, payable in one tranche.

Conditions Precedent. This agreement shall become effective upon the completion of regulatory filings and the transfer of subscription funds.

Representations and Warranties. The company represents that it is duly incorporated and has no undisclosed liabilities.

Use of Proceeds. The proceeds from this subscription will be used exclusively for product development and market expansion.

Indemnification. The company agrees to indemnify the investor against any losses arising from misrepresentation or breach of warranties.

Confidentiality. Both parties agree to maintain the confidentiality of all proprietary and financial information for a period of five years.

Closing. Closing shall occur within 10 business days after the fulfillment of all conditions precedent, at which point the shares will be issued to the investor.

 

Key Clauses in a Shareholders' Agreement (SHA):

Share Transfer Restrictions. No shareholder may transfer shares without offering them first to the other shareholders on the same terms.

Drag-Along and Tag-Along Rights. If a majority shareholder sells their shares to a third party, minority shareholders shall have the right to sell their shares on the same terms.

Board Composition and Decision-Making. Board decisions on reserved matters, including mergers or acquisitions, shall require a unanimous vote.

Dividends and Profit Distribution. The company shall distribute dividends not exceeding 40% of net annual profits unless agreed otherwise by shareholders.

Non-Compete and Non-Solicitation Clauses. Shareholders agree not to directly or indirectly compete with the company for a period of two years after leaving.


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